DNA of the Turin Holy Linen reveals centuries of hidden history

On August 4, 2026, researchers applied advanced metagenomic sequencing to official samples of the Turin Holy Linen, obtained in 1978, to map the preserved biological record in the linen threads over the centuries.

Genomic analysis of the holy linen fibers

The study, published in Scientific Reports, was the first to employ next-generation sequencing techniques without PCR on relic samples. By investigating the DNA embedded in the linen fibers, scientists were able to compile the most detailed biological narrative ever produced about the material that has accumulated through human handling and environmental exposure.

Human lineages and microbiome detected

The investigators identified several human mitochondrial DNA lineages, as well as a diverse microbiome composed of bacteria, fungi and halophilic archaea—microorganisms that thrive in high-salt environments. These microorganisms include species commonly found on human skin.

Traces of cultivated plants and domesticated animals

Among the plant genetic traces, wheat, carrot, corn, banana and peanut were detected. In the animal realm, DNA from cattle, pigs, birds, dogs and cats was found in the fibers. The presence of this DNA indicates contact with a wide range of environments, objects and people throughout the relic’s history.

What biology reveals about the relic’s trajectory

Together, the biological signals provide clues about how the holy linen was handled, stored and transported across different geographic regions over time. While the piece’s centuries-long preservation precludes isolation of any original DNA that may have existed, advanced metagenomic techniques still allow inference of useful information about conservation, environmental exposure and the cultural journey of the fabric.

Limitations and prospects of forensic genetics

The authors emphasize that the findings are not intended to determine the age or authenticity of the relic. Instead, they demonstrate how forensic genomics and proteomics can reconstruct the biological history of culturally significant objects. Professor Noemi Procopio stated: "The Shroud of Turin continues to fascinate historians, scientists and the public, and we're thrilled to reveal new information about the biological complexity preserved within samples collected almost 50 years ago by applying new cutting-edge forensic DNA technologies."

With information from ScienceDaily.